Adaptive social and maternal induction of antipredator dorsal patterns in a lizard with alternative social strategies |
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Authors: | Lancaster Lesley T McAdam Andrew G Wingfield John C Sinervo Barry R |
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Institution: | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA |
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Abstract: | Maternal effects facilitate adaptation to changing environments because they alter individual offspring traits to match current conditions. We show that maternal effects can also resolve context-dependent, correlational selection on multiple offspring traits, promoting adaptation to more complex environments. In side-blotched lizards ( Uta stansburiana ), two alternative pathways of dorsal pattern induction involve maternal oestradiol and alleles for throat colouration (∼social strategy). In one pathway, females increased yolk oestradiol when mated to yellow-throated sires; oestradiol induced dorsal barring in yellow-throated progeny of both sexes. In another pathway, females elevated yolk oestradiol in response to a high frequency of orange alleles in experimental social neighbourhoods. When the sire lacked yellow alleles, this secondary pathway resulted in striped, orange sons and striped, non-orange daughters. All maternally induced types had high fitness in the wild. These results illustrate a (previously undescribed) mechanism for females to simultaneously resolve differing correlational selection pressures on different progeny. |
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Keywords: | Alternative strategies correlational selection crypsis frequency-dependent selection genotype-by-environment interaction indirect genetic effects maternal effects ontogenetic conflict pattern formation yolk hormones |
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