Solution structural characteristics of cyanometmyoglobin: resonance assignment of heme cavity residues by two-dimensional NMR

Steady-state nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE), two-dimensional (2D) nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and 2D spin correlation spectroscopy (COSY) have been applied to the fully paramagnetic low-spin, cyanide-ligated complex of sperm whale ferric myoglobin to assign the majority of the heme pocket side-chain proton signals and the remainder of the heme signals. It is shown that the 2D NOESY map reveals essentially all dipolar connectivities observed in ordinary 1D NOE experiments and expected on the basis of crystal coordinates, albeit often more weakly than in a diamagnetic analogue. For extremely broad (approximately 600-Hz) and rapidly relaxing (Tf1 approximately 3 ms) signals which show no NEOSY peaks, we demonstrate that conventional steady-state NOEs obtained under very rapid pulsing conditions still allow detection of the critical dipoar connectivities that allow unambiguous assignments. The COSY map was found to be generally less useful for the hyperfine-shifted residues, with cross peaks detected only for protons greater than 6 A from the iron. Nevertheless, numerous critical COSY cross peaks between strongly hyperfine-shifted peaks were resolved and assigned. In all, 95% (53 of 56 signals) of the total proton sets within approximately 7.5 A of the iron, the region experiencing the strongest hyperfine shifts and paramagnetic relaxation, are now unambiguously assigned. Hence it is clear that the 2D methods can be profitably applied to paramagnetic proteins. The scope and limitations of such application are discussed. The resulting hyperfine shift pattern for the heme confirmed expectations based on model compounds. In contrast, while exhibiting fortuitous 1H NMR spectral similarities, a major discrepancy was uncovered between the hyperfine shift pattern of the axially bound (F8 histidyl) imidazole in the protein and that of the imidazole in a relevant model compound Chacko, V.P., & La Mar, G. N. (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 7002-7007], providing direct evidence for a protein-based deformation of axial bonding in the protein.