广东省古兜山自然保护区生态旅游开发的多尺度影响

从微观和中观尺度探讨了广东省古兜山自然保护区生态旅游开发对区内植物生态和景观生态的影响问题。结果表明:(1)10个样地的植物生态影响度指数有3个为一般级,5个为较严重级,1个为严重级,1个属极严重级。全区平均植物生态影响度指数呈较严重级。这表明旅游开发已给保护区的植物带来了较大的负面影响;(2)旅游开发与活动对植物生态的影响在游径两侧和景点、服务点周围2~4m范围内较显著,4~6m范围有一定程度影响,但6m以外的区域影响较小。处于多条通道交叉处的三角区,近通道的植物生态影响度指数值较中央区的影响值大,影响曲线呈双峰型;(3)不同景观类型的植物受旅游影响的强度和范围不一样。影响强度的变化总趋势为:山地草甸>山地灌丛>森林景观,常绿针阔叶混交林>常绿阔叶林>沟谷雨林,人工林>天然林;(4)植物生态影响指标间的相关分析表明从旅游活动对保护区植物的负面影响来看,阴生种数量、乔灌幼苗量、凋落层厚度、物种多样性指数4个指标具有较好的表征作用,草本层盖度表征作用不太好;(5)景观生态指标值和影响度指数显示旅游工程建设和森林工程对景观破坏影响较大,主要表现在林木间伐、修路及建筑选址、配色、数量控制等方面;(6)从景观生态影响水平看,常绿针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林受到的影响较大;就景观生态受影响难易程度而言,服务区南侧、喃呒山等地是区内景观生态敏感地带,服务区、喃呒庙、瓶身阁等旅游景点或设施具有较强的景观醒目度;(7)多指标定量化评价指数具有较好的环境预警作用,能为保护区生态旅游管理者提供有用的环境生态信息,以便及时做出科学决策。

Impacts of eco-tourism development on landscape ecology with special reference to the Gudoushan nature reserve in Guangdong Province

The impacts of tourism development on the distribution of micro-and meso-scale vegetation types were evaluated for the Gudoushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province. The results show that: (1) Based on investigation in 10 plot areas, the impact index of phytoecology was generally high, indicating that tourism development has caused ecological degradation in the study area; (2) Tourist activities have major adverse impacts on the plants in either side of the tourist path, areas surrounding the scenic spots and shops; (3) The degree of impact on vegetation varied with landscape type and shows the following decreasing order: mountain meadow > mountain shrub > mountain forest; within forests, mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest > rain forest; and artificial forest > natural forest; (4) Number of shade plant species, number of tree seedlings, litter thickness and species diversity index are among the good indicators for impact assessment while grass coverage gives a poor indication for the same purpose; (5) Human activities such as intermediate cutting in timber stands, road or tourist path construction have significantly adverse impacts on the landscape ecology; (6) From a standpoint of landscape ecology, evergreen mixed forest and monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest are more sensitive to tourism development and areas south of the service district and Mt. Nanwu are among the ecologically sensitive zones; (7) The multi-index approach provides a useful tool for early warning of ecological threat from improper tourism development which may assist the natural reserve managers in better managing the development of tourism in this area.