动物生活史进化理论研究进展

综述了生活史性状、生活史对策、权衡、适合度及进化种群统计学等动物生活史进化领域的进展。权衡是生活史性状之间相互联系的纽带,分为生理权衡与进化权衡。适合度是相对的,与个体所处的特定环境条件有关,性状进化与适合度之间关系紧密。适合度是生活史进化理论研究的焦点。探讨动物生活史对策的理论很多,影响最大的是MacArthur和Wilson提出的r对策及K对策理论。随年龄的增长,动物存活率及繁殖率逐步下降的过程,称为衰老;解释衰老的进化理论主要有突变-选择平衡假设和多效对抗假设。进化种群统计学将种群统计学应用于生活史进化研究,为探讨表型适合度的进化提供了有效的手段。将进化种群统计学、数量遗传学及特定种系效应理论进行整合,建立完整的动物生活史进化综合理论体系,是当代此领域的最大挑战。

Progress in the study of animal life history evolution

Several frontiers of animal life history evolution field are reviewed in this paper: life history traits, life history strategy, trade-offs, fitness and evolutionary demography. Life history traits are linked by trade-offs, which are composed of physiological trade-offs and evolutionary trade-offs. Fitness is related with specific environmental condition, and it is closely connected with the evolution of life history trait. There have been many hypotheses analyzing animal life history strategy, of which r-Strategy and K-Strategy theory provided by MacArthur and Wilson is most influential. Senescence refers to the decline of survival rate and reproductive rate of individuals with age. There are two hypotheses explaining the evolution of ageing, i.e. mutation-selection balance hypothesis and antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis. Evolutionary demography, which applies demographic techniques into the analysis of life history evolution, provides a powerful approach for the research of fitness of phenotype evolution. The greatest challenge for contemporary evolutionary ecologists is to construct an integrated theoretic system combined by evolutionary demography, quantitative genetics, and lineage-specific effect theory in the future research of animal life history evolution.