植物基因组研究与利用的新型工具——异源单体附加系

在高等植物中, 以种间杂交和回交把有益基因从一个物种转移到另一个物种为目的育种项目中, 单个外源染色体常常被附加到含有受体细胞完整一套染色体中, 形成异源单体附加系。这种异源单体附加系是阐明基因组结构和转移基因的有效工具。它可以通过回交形成覆盖整个基因组的渗入系重叠群, 用于建立以受体物种基因组为载体的外源物种基因组文库。另外, 一套完整的异源单体附加系也可看作是一个拥有分散供体基因组成为单个染色体单位的文库, 便于精确高通量地将标记分配到单个供体染色体上, 从而可以比较供体染色体和各自的直向同源受体染色体之间的标记位置和同线性关系。同时, 也便于研究同源染色体的渗入机制和配对状态。文中介绍了异源单体附加系的培育和特性, 并着重阐明了它在遗传育种和基础研究中的应用。

Monosomic alien addition lines: a new tool for studying and using plant genomics

Interspecies hybridization and backcrossing is a means to transfer desirable genes from one species to another in breeding programs of higher plants. Monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) can be produced via addition of single chromosome of an alien donor species to the entire chromosome complement of the recipient species. MAALs are powerful tools for elucidating genome structure and transferring genes. Backcrossing of MAALs to the recipient parent results in plants containing short overlapping introgressions, which cover the entire donor genome. These introgression lines can be used as vectors of alien genomic libraries in a recipient genetic background. In addition, a complete set of MAALs also serves as a library of the donor genome dissected into individual chromosome entities, which facilitates high-throughput marker allocation to individual donor chromosomes, and marker assignments and syntenic relationships can be compared between the donor chromosomes and the respective orthologous recipient chromosomes. Meanwhile, MAALs can be used to study the introgression mechanism and the pairing status of homologous chromosomes. In this review, we presented the production and properties of MAALs and highlighted their advantages for genetic breeding and fundamental researches.