Regulation of pH in the isolated perfused gills of the shore crabCarcinus maenas

Isolated posterior gills (no. 7) of shore crabsCarcinus maenas acclimated to brackish water of a salinity of 10 S were bathed and perfused with 50% sea water (200 mmol·l^-1 Na⁺), and the internal perfusate collected during subsequent periods of 5 min. During a single passage through the gill the pH of the perfusion medium decreased from ca. 8.1 to ca. 7.7, a result implying that the gill possesses structures which recognize unphysiologically high pH values in the haemolymph and regulates them down to physiological values of ca. 7.7. The calculated apparent proton fluxes from the epithelial cells into the haemolymph space amounted to 17.9 mol·g fw^-1·h^-1, a value of only 3.8% of net Na⁺ fluxes observed under comparable conditions. When 0.1 mmol·l^-1 KCN, an inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, or 5 mmol·l^-1 ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase were applied in the internal perfusate, down-regulation of pH was no longer observed and the gill was completely depolarized, i.e. transepithelial potential differences dropped from-7.8 to 0 mV (haemolymph space negative to bath). Regulation of pH was completely inhibited by antagonists of carbonic anhydrase (0.1 mmol·l^-1 acetazolamide or 0.01 mmol·l^-1 ethoxyzolamide) applied in the perfusate. Inhibitors of Na⁺/H⁺ exchange, 0.1 mmol·l^-1 amiloride applied in the external bathing medium or in the internal perfusate, and symmetrical 0.01 mmol·l^-1 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, as well as inhibitors of Cl^-/HCO₃ ^- exchange and Na⁺/HCO₃ ^- cotransport, 0.5 mmol·l^-1 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonate or 0.3 mmol·l^-1 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanatostilbene 2,2-disulphonate applied on both sides of the gill, and inhibitors of H⁺-ATPase, 0.05 mmol·l^-1 N-ethylmaleimide and 0.1 mmol·l^-1 N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide —applied on both sides of the gill — did not alter the acidification of the perfusate observed in controls. Using artificial salines buffered to pH 8.1 with 0.75 mmol·l^-1 tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane instead of 2 mmol·l^-1 HCO₃ ^-, apparent proton fluxes were reduced to 11% of controls, a result suggesting that pH regulation by crab gills needs the presence of HCO₃ ^-. The findings obtained suggest that pH regulation by crab gills depends on the oxidative metabolism of the intact branchial epithelium and that carbonic anhydrase plays a central role in this process. Na⁺/H⁺ exchange, anion exchange or cotransport and active proton secretion seem not to be involved. While unimpaired active ion uptake is a prerequisite for pH regulation, ion transport itself is independent of it.Abbreviations acetazolamide (N-sulphamoyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-acetamide) - amiloride 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinoyl-guanidine - CA carbonic anhydrase - DBI dextrane-bound inhibitor thiadiazolesulphonamide - DCCD N N dicyclohexylcarbodiimide - DIDS 4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2-disulphonate - EIPA 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride - ethoxyzolamide 6-ethoxy-2-benzothiazole-sulphonamide - fw fresh weight - J _H ⁺ apparent proton flux - NEM N-ethylmaleimide - PD transepithelial potential difference - PEG-STZ polyethylene-glycol-thiadiazolesulphonamide - STTS 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanatostibene 2,2-disulphonate - SW sea water - TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane