试谈我国鹅膏菌的分类研究*

在过去的一百余年中，国内外菌物学家对我国鹅膏菌属（Amanita）真菌进行了大量采集和分类研究。迄今为止，在菌物学文献中已为我国记载了近100种（含亚种、变种和变型）鹅膏菌，然而，其中许多是原描述于欧洲或北美的种类，它们在我国是否确有分布尚需开展深入研究。近几年来，作者对采自我国的部分鹅膏菌标本与欧美相似种的标本进行了比较研究，发现两者虽在外貌上有相似之处，但在内部结构上却有较大差别，在分子生物学方面也同样存在差异。若把它们作为同一分类单元处理似不恰当。我国幅员辽阔，森林、植被类型多样，众多与鹅膏菌形成外生菌根的树种为我国、东亚或东南亚的特有种，在它们长期的协同进化中，可能形成了不少特殊或亚洲的特有鹅膏菌。为能如实反映我国鹅膏菌的生物多样性，首先必须加强野外调查，在野外对子实体的形态及各部位的颜色进行仔细而准确的描述、拍照和绘图；其次对干燥良好的标本进行可靠的形态学、解剖学研究；此外，比较研究欧美相似种的标本也是十分必要的。本文所讨论的问题，在我国蘑菇目（Agaricales）其它类群的分类研究中可能也是值得注意的。

ON TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF THE CHINESE AMANITAE

The Chinese Amanitae have been collected and studied in the last more than one hundred years by mycologists at home and abroad. Neary 100 taxa (including subspecies, varieties and forms) of the genus Amanita were reported from China. However, many of them were originally determined as European or North American taxa. Intensive studies should be carried out in order to elucidate whether such European or North American taxa indeed occur in China or not. Recent collecting and comparative studies of specimens of some Amantae made from China, and those of related taxa gathered from Europe and North America showed that there are discrepancies in anatomy as well as in molecular biology between them, although they are similar to each other in appearance. It seems to be reasonable to beat them as distinct taxa. In the vast territory of China,various forests or vegetations are distributed, in which many ectomycorrhizal bees endemic to China, to East Asia or to Southeast Asia are present. Characteristic Amanitae or taxa endemic to Asia may be co-evolved with their hosts. In order to understand the species diversity of the Chinese Amanitae, more field investigations should be undertaken. Habitus and colors of the fruitbodies should be described, photographed, and illustrated in detail in the field. Specimens should be well dried, and accurately studied in morphology and anatomy. For comparison, it is also quite necessary to examine specimens of European or North American taxa, which are related with or similar to the Chinese ones. Issues concerned in this paper may also be used for reference in the study of other members of the Agaricales in China.