Enhanced immunization techniques to obtain highly specific monoclonal antibodies |
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Authors: | Rodrigo de Almeida Cecília Naomi Nakamura Marina de Lima Fontes Elenice Deffune Sérgio Luis Felisbino Ramon Kaneno |
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Affiliation: | 1. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Proteomics Center, Monoclonal Antibody Lab., Araraquara, Brazil;2. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Lab., Botucatu, Brazil;3. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Department of Morphology, Extracellular Matrix Lab., Botucatu, Brazil;4. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tumor Immunology Lab., Botucatu, Brazil |
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Abstract: | Despite fast advances in genomics and proteomics, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are still a valuable tool for areas such as the evolution of basic research in stem cells and cancer, for immunophenotyping cell populations, diagnosing and prognosis of diseases, and for immunotherapy. To summarize different subtractive immunization approaches successfully used for the production of highly specific antibodies, we identified scientific articles in NCBI PubMed using the following search terms: subtractive immunization, monoclonal antibody, tolerization, neonatal, high-zone tolerance, masking immunization. Patent records were also consulted. From the list of results, we included all available reports, from 1985 to present, that used any enhanced immunization technique to produce either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Our examination yielded direct evidence that these enhanced immunization techniques are efficient in obtaining specific antibodies to rare epitopes, with different applications, such as to identify food contaminants or tumor cells. |
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Keywords: | Cyclophosphamide high-zone tolerance immunogen monoclonal antibody multiple tolerization subtractive immunization neonatal tolerization subtractive immunization tolerogen |
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