N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase of Neurospora crassa. Characteristics, localization, regulation, and genetic control

N-Acetylglutamate synthase, an early enzyme of the arginine pathway, provides acetylglutamate for ornithine synthesis in the so-called "acetylglutamate cycle." Because acetylglutamate is regenerated as ornithine is formed, the enzyme has only a catalytic or anaplerotic role in the pathway, maintaining "bound" acetyl groups during growth. We have detected this enzyme in crude extracts of Neurospora crassa and have localized it to the mitochondria along with other ornithine biosynthetic enzymes. The enzyme is bound to the mitochondrial membrane. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.0 and Km values for glutamate and CoASAc of 6.3 and 1.6 mM, respectively. It is feedback-inhibited by L-arginine (I0.5 = 0.16 mM), and its specific activity is augmented 2-3-fold by arginine starvation of the mycelium. Mutants of the newly recognized arg-14 locus lack activity for the enzyme. Because these mutants are complete auxotrophs, we conclude that N-acetylglutamate synthase is an indispensible enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in N. crassa. This work completes the assignment of enzymes of the arginine pathway of N. crassa to corresponding genetic loci. The membrane localization of the enzyme suggests a novel mechanism by which feedback inhibition might occur across a semipermeable membrane.