Validity and reliability of the Slovene version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire

ABSTRACT

Morningness-eveningness (ME) can be defined as individual differences in sleep-wake patterns, and the time of day people feel and perform best. Various self-report instruments that measure ME have been developed. The Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) has most frequently been used for classifying ME types. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Slovene version of the MEQ (Slovene MEQ). Two hundred and sixty-five participants (65.3% women, 34,7% men, mean age 38,1 years, range 19–67) took the Slovene MEQ twice, 2 weeks apart (MEQ test and retest). Internal consistency of the Slovene MEQ items was high, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.86. The test–retest reliability was also high, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.96. The classification of chronotypes on middle-aged population offered a more balanced representation of the five chronotypes than those proposed by the authors Horne and Östberg . Age changes in chronotype could be confirmed in this study in the supposed direction with older adults being more morning-oriented. The criterion validity of the Slovene MEQ through the relationship of morningness and basic personality traits showed that conscientiousness and agreeableness demonstrated positive and significant correlations with morningness. A low negative correlation was observed between openness and morningness, with higher eveningness among more open participants.