Higher order structure of (1,3)-beta-D-glucans and its influence on their biological activities and complexation abilities

(1,3)-beta-D-Glucans form a group of biologically active biopolymers that exist in different structural organizations depending on the environmental conditions. The biological effect of (1,3)-beta-D-glucans is a core issue stimulating large research efforts of the molecular properties and their consequences for action as biological response modifiers. The fascination for these molecules increased further following the finding of their ability to form complexes of defined geometry with a number of structures, ranging from linear architectures as polymers or carbon nanotubes, to globular structures as gold particles or dye molecules. The fascinating information concerning the relationship between sample treatment history and molecular organization has not yet reached out to all the contributors within the field, resulting in unnecessary apparent inconsistencies in the literature. In addition to environmental conditions, the sample history is known to influence on the precise structural organization of these molecules. The present knowledge related to the structure of native as well as denatured, renatured and annealed (1,3)-beta-D-glucans is reviewed. The influence of their structural organization on the biological activity and complexation abilities is discussed, and some factors hindering progress in the understanding of their biological effects or complexation abilities are pointed out.