综述与专论：微生物消毒剂抗性机理

在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域。在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用。但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险。微生物的消毒剂抗性基因还会通过繁殖传代增殖或在不同种属间水平转移而加剧其污染和传播风险,严重威胁到公共卫生安全。目前,抗生素抗性基因(ARG)的广泛出现引起了全球对公共卫生的关注,但对消毒剂的抗性认识非常有限。本文综述了近年来微生物对消毒剂抗性的研究,着重就微生物通过形成生物膜、降低细胞膜通透性、过量表达外排泵、产生消除或减弱消毒剂的特异性酶、改变作用靶点等方式产生抗性的机理进行综述。另外针对微生物消毒剂抗性的获得和传播,对染色体和质粒介导的抗性基因、环境中微生物消毒剂抗性与抗生素抗性的关联进行了论述。消毒剂抗性基因能通过质粒、噬菌体等可移动遗传元件,以转化、转导或接合的方式转移传播,对科学消毒提出新要求。

Review: Mechanisms of Microbial Disinfectant Resistance

Disinfectants can effectively inhibit or kill microorganisms on the surface of objects and transmission media, which are widely used in food, hygiene, health, pandemic prevention and other fields. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global use of disinfectants increased sharply, which played an important role in effectively preventing and controlling the spread of the virus and preventing the spread of the pandemic. However, improper use of disinfectants will reduce its effectiveness and even induce microbial resistance, which may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission. The disinfectant resistance gene of microorganism will also aggravate its pollution and transmission risk through vertical reproduction or horizontal transfer between the same or different species, which seriously threatens public health safety. At present, the wide emergence of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) has attracted global attention to public health, but the understanding of disinfectant resistance is very limited. This paper reviews the research on microbial resistance to disinfectants in recent years, focusing on the mechanism of microbial resistance by forming biofilm, reducing cell membrane permeability, over expressing efflux pump, producing specific enzymes to eliminate or attenuate disinfectants, and changing action targets. The formation of strong biofilm can effectively prevent disinfectants from approaching microorganisms, reduce microbial sensitivity and improve resistance; the reduction of cell membrane permeability depends on the changes of membrane protein, phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide, which can reduce the entry of disinfectants into microbial cells; the overexpression of efflux pump system is conducive to microorganisms to discharge harmful substances in cells; the action of specific enzymes can degrade the effective components of disinfectants or improve microbial immunity; the change of target can reduce the combination of disinfectant and action site, so as to reduce the disinfection effect. In addition, aiming at the acquisition and transmission of microbial disinfectant resistance, the chromosome and plasmid mediated resistance genes as well as the relationship between microbial disinfectant resistance and antibiotic resistance in the environment were discussed. Disinfectant resistance genes can be transferred and transmitted by transformation, transduction or conjugation through mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and phages, which puts forward new requirements for scientific disinfection.