综述与专论：血浆低分子量蛋白与多肽的研究进展

血浆是临床上使用频率最高的体液样本,具有采样无创、使用便捷以及内含物丰富等特点,是挖掘疾病相关潜在生物标志物的重要来源。血浆中低分子量蛋白与多肽(low molecular weight proteins and peptides,LMWPs)包括细胞因子、生长因子、多肽类激素和蛋白质降解产物等,其以分子质量较小、序列可表征、来源广泛等优势,得到了研究人员的青睐。近年来,随着高分辨率、高灵敏度质谱仪与计算科学的不断发展,新技术新方法的融入,LMWPs相关研究也有了新的发展。本文结合当前本领域的研究热点,介绍了血浆LMWPs的分类,包括完整小蛋白、蛋白质降解物、神经肽、免疫多肽、载体蛋白结合的LMWPs和小开放阅读框编码的多肽,同时总结了血浆LMWPs在富集方法、研究策略、功能研究以及疾病相关生物标志物方面的研究进展,并对血浆LMWPs面临的挑战和未来的研究方向进行了讨论。

Review: Advances in Plasma Low Molecular Weight Proteins and Peptides

Plasma is the most frequently clinically used body fluid sample, characterized by noninvasive sampling, convenient to use, and rich contents, and is an important source sample for the excavation of potential biomarkers related to the disease. Low molecular weight proteins and peptides (LMWPs) in plasma include cytokines, growth factors, peptide hormones, and protein degradation products, which are favored by researchers because of their small molecular weight, measurable sequence information, and wide sources. In recent years, the studies on LMWPs have made new progress with the rapid development of high-resolution, high-sensitivity mass spectrometers and computational science, and the integration of new technologies and new methods. This review introduces the classification of plasma LMWPs, including small intact proteins, protein degradation products, neuropeptides, immunopeptides, carrier protein-bound peptides, and sORF-encoded peptides, based on the current research hotspots in this field. In addition, it also summarizes the research progresses on enrichment strategies, functional studies, and disease-related biomarkers. Finally, the challenges and future research direction of plasma LMWPs are discussed.