Lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) in a disturbed forest fragment: Activity patterns and time budget |
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Authors: | Shaily Menon Frank E Poirier |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 245 Lord Hall, 124 West 17th Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio;(2) Present address: Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, 02125 Boston, Massachusetts |
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Abstract: | We describe the activity patterns and time budget of a feral group of lion-tailed macaques that were confined to a disturbed
forest fragment of 65 ha and compare the results with those obtained for groups in protected forests. The degraded nature
of the study site was reflected in low tree densities, low specific diversity, gaps in the girth distribution of trees, and
frequent disturbance by humans. The study group of 43 subjects was twice as large as lion-tailed macaque groups in protected
habitats. They spent the most time ranging (34.0%), followed by foraging (23.7%), feeding (17.9%), resting (16.0%), and other
activities such as social interactions (8.4%). Monthly variations are significant for all activity categories except ranging.
Times spent resting and foraging are negatively correlated (r = −0.5) and show significant seasonal differences. Foraging time was highest from September to November, when key food sources such
asCullenia andArtocarpus were absent or marginally available. The study group spent most time (40.4%) at canopy levels between 21 and 30 m. They spent
more time each day ranging than resting or feeding and more time terrestrially compared with groups in protected forests.
Large group size, poor habitat quality, and seasonal variation in food availability were the major variables affecting their
time budget, and these variables accounted for differences from the time budgets of groups in protected forests. |
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Keywords: | lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus forest fragment time budget |
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