景感评价方法研究

通过与生态系统服务和可持续发展的有效结合，在景感生态学的内涵与外延得到扩展的同时，景感营造与评价的概念也进一步明确。景感评价是基于一定的目的和相应的评价标准，针对特定的景感（现状或营造过程）进行评价与预测，可为认识与理解景感、营造与改善景感，以及基于景感的生态规划与建设提供科学依据。景感评价除了遵从广义景感生态学的原理与目标外，其主要理论基础来自生态系统服务理论、可持续发展理论、复合生态系统理论以及生态文明理论。景感评价应遵循景感的协调性、可持续性与评价的系统性、针对性等主要原则。具体的景感评价方法可分为基于特定评价目标的单因子评价与考虑多要素的综合性评价；前者一般限于针对某个评价目标或者考虑某个限制因子时使用，后者则主要包括层次分析法、数据包络法和重要性-绩效分析法。不同的评价方法有其优缺点和适用范围，景感评价应根据不同情景和目的来灵活使用不同方法，还需充分考虑人的感知或愿景与自然环境要素的统一，以及景感营造与生态系统服务及可持续发展意识的统一。景感评价的研究与应用处于初始阶段，在发展过程中存在一些困难和问题，未来应重视若干内容的研究。随着学科的交叉与融合、技术的进步与发展以及相关学者的共同努力，景感评价将会有效地指导人类对自然资源进行合理利用与科学管理。

Research on landsenses evaluation method

Landsenses ecology is able to help planning builders to understand public feelings, ideas and opinions, to integrate perception data into the planning process, and to fully reflect peoples'' vision for a good ecological environment, without reducing artistry and scientificity of the planning and design, in order to provide support for the harmonious coexistence of nature and human beings. Through the effective combination with ecosystem services and sustainable development, the connotation and extension of landsenses ecology have been expanded, while the concepts of landsenses creation and landsenses evaluation have been further clarified. Landsenses evaluation means evaluating and predicting the present situation or construction process of certain landsenses based on particular purpose and corresponding evaluation criteria. Thus, landsenses evaluation can provide a scientific basis for understanding, establishing and improving landsenses, as well as for ecological planning and construction based on landsenses ecology. In addition to following some principles and objectives of general landsenses ecology, the main theoretical basis of landsenses evaluation originates from theories of ecosystem service, sustainable development, complex ecosystem, and ecological civilization. The principles of landsenses evaluation mainly include harmony and sustainability of landsenses, and systematicness and pertinence of evaluation. The specific methods of landsenses evaluation can be divided into single factor evaluation based on certain evaluation objectives and comprehensive evaluation considering multiple factors. The former is generally limited to specific evaluation objectives or considering restrictive factors, while the latter contains the analytic hierarchy process, the data envelopment analysis, and the importance- performance analysis. Within their application scope, each evaluation method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Different methods should be flexibly used in landsenses evaluation according to diverse situations and purposes. It is also necessary to fully consider not only the unity of human perception or vision and natural elements, but also the unity of landsenses creation, ecosystem services and sustainable development awareness. The research and application of landsenses evaluation are at the initial stage, and there are a number of difficulties and problems in its development process, such as the intersections of different disciplines, the construction of indicator systems, the trend assessment rather than accurate expression, the complex scale issues, the particular technical methods, and so on, which should be focused to study in the future. With the intersection and integration of relative disciplines, the progress and development of technology, and the joint efforts of relevant scholars, landsenses evaluation will effectively guide human beings to make rational use and scientific management of natural resources.