No-Reflow Phenomenon in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Incidence,Risk Factors,and Clinical Implications

Purpose

To investigate the incidence and risk factors of the no-reflow phenomenon in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) patients and to determine its effects on visual and anatomic outcomes.

Methods

In 102 eyes with CRAO in which arterial recanalization was obtained within 1 week from baseline, fluorescein angiography images obtained at baseline and 1 week were retrospectively reviewed. The no-reflow phenomenon in the retina was defined as macular capillary nonperfusion following arterial recanalization on fluorescein angiographs. We investigated the incidence and risk factors for the no-reflow phenomenon and compared the anatomical and visual outcomes between eyes with and without the phenomenon.

Results

Among the 102 CRAO eyes with arterial recanalization, 39 exhibited the no-reflow phenomenon, resulting in an incidence of 38.2%. The incidence among the eyes with treatment-induced and spontaneous recanalization was 43.4% and 15.8%, respectively, and it increased with the CRAO stage. CRAO stage and increased central macular thickness were risk factors for the phenomenon, with an odds ratio of 4.47 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–16.8; P = 0.027] and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.12–2.55; P = 0.012) per 100-μm increase, respectively. The visual outcome was significantly poorer and retinal atrophy and photoreceptor disruption was greater in eyes with the no-reflow phenomenon than in those without.

Conclusions

The no-reflow phenomenon may occur after arterial recanalization in approximately one-third of CRAO patients and can affect anatomical and visual outcomes. This phenomenon may provide an additional explanation regarding the permanent retinal damage and vision loss in eyes with CRAO.