Expansion of bloom-forming Dolichospermum lemmermannii (Nostocales,Cyanobacteria) to the deep lakes south of the Alps: Colonization patterns,driving forces and implications for water use |
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| Affiliation: | 1. IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’Adige – Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all’Adige (Trento), Italy;2. Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy;1. Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th Floor, 20520 Turku, Finland;2. Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A 3rd Floor, 20520 Turku, Finland;1. Freshwater and Coastal Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;3. Environment Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all''Adige – Fondazione E. Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all''Adige (Trento), Italy;2. Human and Environmental Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box X-622, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany;3. Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy;4. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway;5. Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, P.O.Box 56, Biocenter 1 Viikki (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014, Helsinki University, Finland;1. Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France;2. CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France;3. Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) and Mass Spectrometry Facility (UBP-START), BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 FRANCE;4. CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubiere, FRANCE;1. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA;2. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA;3. Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA;4. Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania;5. Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;6. Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania;7. Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;8. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA;9. Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43402, USA;10. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada;11. Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA |
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| Abstract: | Since the beginning of the 1990s, the largest lakes south of the Alps (Garda, Iseo, Como and Maggiore) showed a progressive colonization of Dolichospermum lemmermannii (Cyanobacteria). The appearance of surface blooms of this species raised serious concerns because of the impacts on the tourist economy and the potential toxigenic effects. Nevertheless, no detailed investigations were done to clarify the taxonomic position, ecology and toxicity of this species. In this work, phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes demonstrated how the strains isolated from the Italian lakes were clustered together with other D. lemmermannii strains isolated in Northern Europe. The expansion of this species in the southern subalpine lakes contrasted with the prevailing south to north dispersion paths typical of other Nostocales (e.g. Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon). Conversely, the spread was consistent with the geographical areal of this cyanobacterium, which appears circumscribed between the 40th parallel and the Arctic Circle. This aspect highlights the ecological heterogeneity that characterizes the order Nostocales. In Lake Garda, D. lemmermannii always developed in the warmest months (>15 °C) with low abundances (generally <200 cell mL−1). Nevertheless, owing to its ability to form surface water blooms, this species is considered as one of the most nuisance algae in the subalpine lake district. From the other side, different strains isolated from these large lakes tested negative for the biosynthesis of microcystins, anatoxin-a, nodularins and cylindrospermopsins, and for the presence of mcyE and anaC genes of the microcystins and anatoxin-a gene clusters. |
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| Keywords: | Cyanobacteria Surface blooms Phylogenetic analysis Cyanotoxins Nuisance algae |
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