Gambierdiscus species exhibit different epiphytic behaviors toward a variety of macroalgal hosts |
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| Institution: | 1. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support, Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;2. Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;3. University of Washigton, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;4. University of Washington Tacoma, Campus Box 358400, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, WA 98402, USA;5. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. ANSES – French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, 8 rue Claude Bourgelat BP 90203, 35302 Fougères cedex, France;2. Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. Program Sains Laut, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia;3. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malyasia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;4. Aquatic Sciences Program, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;5. IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Department of Phycology and Mycology, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark;6. Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia;7. Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;1. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;2. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;3. Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;4. Marine Ecotoxicology Lab, Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, USA;5. Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;6. Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S., Paca St., 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;7. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Bldg. SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;3. Ocean Tester, LLC, 381 Gillikin Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA |
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| Abstract: | Ciguatera fish poisoning is a common form of seafood poisoning caused by toxins (ciguatoxins) that accumulate in demersal (reef) food webs. The precursors of ciguatoxins are produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus, and enter the food web via herbivory and detritivory. The Gambierdiscus genus was recently revised and new research on the physiology and ecology of the revised species is needed. While it has been demonstrated that Gambierdiscus spp. are predominately epiphytic, the variability in epiphytic behavior among the various Gambierdiscus species is not known. Five Gambierdiscus species isolated from the Greater Caribbean Region were the focus of this study (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, and G. yasumotoi). Cells of Gambierdiscus were grown in wells with algae fragments from eight different macroalgal host genera (Acanthophora, Caulerpa, Dasya, Derbesia, Dictyota, Laurencia, Polysiphonia, and Ulva) where the epiphytic behavior and growth of the different Gambierdiscus species were monitored over 29 days. The results of this experiment demonstrate that epiphytic behavior (growth and attachment) differs among the Gambierdiscus species toward the various macroalgal hosts. Results tended to be specific to Gambierdiscus – host pairings with few commonalities in the way a particular Gambierdiscus species interacted across hosts or how the various Gambierdiscus species responded to a particular host. The Gambierdiscus – host pairings that resulted in the highest growth and attachment combinations were examined in terms of known cellular toxicity and host palatability to determine which pairings could represent the most likely vectors for the transfer of ciguatoxins (or precursors) into the demersal food web. Two pairings, Gambierdiscus belizeanus – Polysiphonia and G. belizeanus – Dictyota, best met these criteria, providing a hypothetical approach to better focus sampling and monitoring efforts on such potential vectors in the benthic environment. |
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| Keywords: | Coral reef Ciguatera Harmful algal blooms HABs |
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