Factors regulating excystment of Alexandrium in Puget Sound,WA, USA |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support, Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;2. Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;3. University of Washigton, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;4. University of Washington Tacoma, Campus Box 358400, 1900 Commerce St., Tacoma, WA 98402, USA;5. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;2. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;3. Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;4. Marine Ecotoxicology Lab, Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, USA;5. Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;6. Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S., Paca St., 3rd Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;7. Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;1. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;2. South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China;3. Laboratoire des Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR 241-EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete Tahiti, French Polynesia;4. Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Otsu-200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;5. Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, China;6. Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;7. Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA;8. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;1. Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;2. Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. School of Geographical and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. NOAA/NOS, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;4. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati |
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| Abstract: | Factors regulating excystment of a toxic dinoflagellate in the genus Alexandrium were investigated in cysts from Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory using cysts collected from benthic seedbeds to determine if excystment is controlled by internal or environmental factors. The results suggest that the timing of germination is not tightly controlled by an endogenous clock, though there is a suggestion of a cyclical pattern. This was explored using cysts that had been stored under cold (4 °C), anoxic conditions in the dark and then incubated for 6 weeks at constant favorable environmental conditions. Excystment occurred during all months of the year, with variable excystment success ranging from 31–90%. When cysts were isolated directly from freshly collected sediments every month and incubated at the in situ bottom water temperature, a seasonal pattern in excystment was observed that was independent of temperature. This pattern may be consistent with secondary dormancy, an externally modulated pattern that prevents excystment during periods that are not favorable for sustained vegetative growth. However, observation over more annual cycles is required and the duration of the mandatory dormancy period of these cysts must be determined before the seasonality of germination can be fully characterized in Alexandrium from Puget Sound. Both temperature and light were found to be important environmental factors regulating excystment, with the highest rates of excystment observed for the warmest temperature treatment (20 °C) and in the light. |
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| Keywords: | Puget Sound Excystment Cysts Harmful algal bloom Red tide |
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