The rib cage reduces intervertebral disc pressures in cadaveric thoracic spines by sharing loading under applied dynamic moments |
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| Institution: | 1. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA;4. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA;1. Biomedical Engineering Institute, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA;1. Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demense, Dublin 9, Ireland;2. Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom;3. Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland;4. Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. PERCRO Laboratory, TeCIP Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, via Alamanni 13b, 56010 Ghezzano, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy;3. Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;2. MSU Center for Orthopedic Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA;3. Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;4. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The effects of the rib cage on thoracic spine loading are not well studied, but the rib cage may provide stability or share loads with the spine. Intervertebral disc pressure provides insight into spinal loading, but such measurements are lacking in the thoracic spine. Thus, our objective was to examine thoracic intradiscal pressures under applied pure moments, and to determine the effect of the rib cage on these pressures. Human cadaveric thoracic spine specimens were positioned upright in a testing machine, and Dynamic pure moments (0 to ±5 N·m) with a compressive follower load of 400 N were applied in axial rotation, flexion - extension, and lateral bending. Disc pressures were measured at T4-T5 and T8-T9 using needle-mounted pressure transducers, first with the rib cage intact, and again after the rib cage was removed. Changes in pressure vs. moment slopes with rib cage removal were examined. Pressure generally increased with applied moments, and pressure-moment slope increased with rib cage removal at T4-T5 for axial rotation, extension, and lateral bending, and at T8-T9 for axial rotation. The results suggest the intact rib cage carried about 62% and 56% of axial rotation moments about T4-T5 and T8-T9, respectively, as well as 42% of extension moment and 36–43% of lateral bending moment about T4-T5 only. The rib cage likely plays a larger role in supporting moments than compressive loads, and may also play a larger role in the upper thorax than the lower thorax. |
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| Keywords: | Thoracic spine Mechanical testing Follower load Pure moment Rib cage Intervertebral disc pressure |
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