Sublethal effects of NeemAzal- T/S botanical insecticide on Dutch and Serbian populations of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Sublethal effects of an azadirachtin-based botanical insecticide (commercial product NeemAzal-T/S) on behaviour, life history traits and population growth of one commercial (Dutch strain, D) and two Serbian populations (Bujanovac, B; Negotin, N) of Encarsia formosa Gahan were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. In a two-choice test, parasitoids from all tested populations preferred to parasitise the untreated whitefly nymphs over those treated with 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12?mg/l of azadirachtin. All concentrations caused significant deterrent effects after 24?h, and the following deterrence indices were calculated: 9.7–60.9% (B), 5.5–57.5% (N) and 12.9–63.5% (D). The longevity of adults exposed for 48?h to residues of the botanical insecticide (applied at LC₅₀) was shorter (1.5–1.7 days) than that of control wasps. Both daily and total parasitism were significantly reduced (by 41.7, 48.3 and 60.1% for N, D and B, respectively) compared to control, as well as adult emergence in the F₁ generation. The instantaneous rate of increase (r_i) of surviving adults was also significantly reduced (by 13.2, 19. 3 and 20.5%, for populations N, B, and D, respectively). Adults from all tested populations, emerged from pupae treated with the botanical insecticide applied at LC₅₀, showed reduced parasitism, adult emergence, and r_i levels, but the reduction was significant only for adult emergence of B and r_i of B and N. Juvenile development of the parasitoid in treated pupae was significantly extended, compared to control. The implications of these results on integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly are discussed.