Toward a second generation of fluorocarbon emulsions. Methodologies: synthesis of fluorocarbons, formulation, preparation and control of emulsions

The fluorocarbons to be used as intravascular gas carriers may be prepared: by fluorination of hydrocarbons, by means of gaseous fluorine or of metallic fluorides or by electrolysis in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride; by selective synthesis from small fluorinated molecules. Selective synthesis seems preferable because of the high purity of the compounds thus obtained, allowing fairly simple purification and detoxification procedures. The adequacy of fluorocarbons for intravascular use (limited by the values of some of their crucial physicochemical properties such as vapour pressure, gas dissolving power, viscosity) was found dependent of their molecular weight range, preferably between 460 and 540 dalton. Ionic balance, osmolarity, viscosity, mean particle size and particle size distribution are among the most important criteria to be respected in the preparation of biocompatible emulsions. Several physicochemical methods were developed for selecting the best ingredients and the best emulsification procedures and for evaluating the stability of the emulsions to storage and to thermal stress. The combination of these physicochemical measurements may be used as a methodology for the optimisation and control of fluorocarbon emulsions as well as a way of evaluating new ingredients and formulations.