Fear generalization and behavioral responses to multiple dangers |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;1. Editor, Trends in Ecology and Evolution;1. Pest and Environmental Research Group, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia;2. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;1. CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France;2. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany;1. CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France;2. School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;3. Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK;4. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;5. Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia;6. Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;7. School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK;8. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;9. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia;10. Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mount Masada, Tamar Regional Council, Israel;11. Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel;12. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University. Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;2. Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;3. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA;1. Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027, USA |
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| Abstract: | Animals often exhibit consistent-individual differences (CIDs) in boldness/fearfulness, typically studied in the context of predation risk. We focus here on fear generalization, where fear of one danger (e.g., predators) is correlated with fear of other dangers (e.g., humans, pathogens, moving vehicles, or fire). We discuss why fear generalization should be ecologically important, and why we expect fear to correlate across disparate dangers. CIDs in fear are well studied for some dangers in some taxa (e.g., human fear of pathogens), but not well studied for most dangers. Fear of some dangers has been found to correlate with general fearfulness, but some cases where we might expect correlated fears (e.g., between fear of humans, familiar predators, and exotic predators) are surprisingly understudied. |
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