The bright side of ecological stressors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Sciences and College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;2. Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland;3. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;1. Biodiversity Pathways, Wildlife Science Centre, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada;2. University of British Columbia, Department of Biology, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada;3. Canadian Wildlife Service – Pacific Region, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V9, Canada;1. Invasive Species Working Group, Global Change Center, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;2. School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;4. Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;5. School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA;1. Department of Political Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;2. Department of Geography, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;3. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;4. Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden;5. Department of Environmental Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden;6. Environmental Psychology, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;1. UMR ENTROPIE, IRD, Univ Réunion, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Nouvelle Calédonie, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, Nouméa 98800, New Caledonia;2. Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France;3. cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;4. UMR ENTROPIE, IRD, Univ Réunion, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Nouvelle Calédonie, BP 49 Vairao, Tahiti, French Polynesia;6. UMR ENTROPIE, IRD, Univ Réunion, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Nouvelle Calédonie, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Réunion, France;1. Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA;2. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA;3. Plant Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Ecological stressors are considered to negatively affect biological systems; however, corresponding responses to stressors can be complex, depending on the ecological functions and the number and duration of the stressors. Mounting evidence indicates potential benefits of stressors. Here, we develop an integrative framework to understand stressor-induced benefits by clarifying three categories of mechanisms: seesaw effects, cross-tolerance, and memory effects. These mechanisms operate across various organizational levels (e.g., individual, population, community) and can be extended to an evolutionary context. One remaining challenge is to develop scaling approaches for linking stressor-induced benefits across organizational levels. Our framework provides a novel platform for predicting the consequences of global environmental changes and informing management strategies in conservation and restoration practices. |
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