Mammalian lipid droplets: structural,pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological roles |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria.;2. School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom.;1. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;2. Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;4. Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;5. Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;6. Biotechnology Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;7. School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;8. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;2. European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;3. Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience and “Daniel Bovet” Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy;4. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L''Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L''Aquila, Italy;1. Department of Chemistry & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA;2. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland;2. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark;3. Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland;1. Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;3. IRCCS Neuromed, Via Dell’Elettronica, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy;4. Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;5. Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;6. Ichnos Sciences, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland;3. Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized cytosolic organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a membrane made up of a phospholipid monolayer and a specific population of proteins that varies according to the location and function of each LD. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of LD biogenesis and functions. LDs are now recognized as dynamic organelles that participate in many aspects of cellular homeostasis plus other vital functions. LD biogenesis is a complex, highly-regulated process with assembly occurring on the endoplasmic reticulum although aspects of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain elusive. For example, it is unclear how many enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of the neutral lipid components of LDs and how this process is coordinated in response to different metabolic cues to promote or suppress LD formation and turnover. In addition to enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neutral lipids, various scaffolding proteins play roles in coordinating LD formation. Despite their lack of ultrastructural diversity, LDs in different mammalian cell types are involved in a wide range of biological functions. These include roles in membrane homeostasis, regulation of hypoxia, neoplastic inflammatory responses, cellular oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and protection against potentially toxic intracellular fatty acids and lipophilic xenobiotics. Herein, the roles of mammalian LDs and their associated proteins are reviewed with a particular focus on their roles in pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological processes. |
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