Characterisation of Mal d 1-related genes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Lesley Beuning Judith Bowen Helena Persson Diane Barraclough Sean Bulley Elspeth MacRae |
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Institution: | (1) The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, New Zealand;(2) SLU-Balsgård, Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Fjälkestadsvägen 123-1, SE-291, Sweden |
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Abstract: | It has been suggested that there are at least 15 Mal d 1-related (PR10) genes in one genotype of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). We sequenced cDNA libraries of cultivar Royal Gala and identified 12 members of the Mal d 1 family, including the previously reported Mal d 1b and Mal d 1d, an allelic variant of the previously reported Mal d 1a. Eight Mal d 1 gene products were expressed in tree-ripened fruit, in either the cortex or the skin, and most of these were also expressed in leaves in response to challenge with Venturia inaequalis—a fungal disease of apple. Mal d 1 gene products were identified from a large number of different tissues. Degree of ripeness as measured by standard parameters was shown not to predict either the amount of protein able to bind to a specific monoclonal antibody 5H8, previously shown to bind to an allergenic epitope in Mal d 1b and a/d, or the amount of Mal d 1 mRNA present. Mal d 1d and Mal d 1b were the most highly expressed isoforms in Royal Gala , particularly in the skin of fruit, and these isoforms were also predominant in other cultivars and species of apple. Genotypes, however, differed in relative predominance of Mal d 1b and Mal d 1d. The predominantly expressed Mal d 1 genes in ripe apple fruit were translated in vivo into proteins and proteins binding to the antibody were found in all cultivars and species examined. New Mal d 1 proteins were identified that bound to the 5H8 antibody. At least two new subfamilies have been identified, and while some structural differences are predicted between groups of isoforms, the P-loop motif is identical in all except two isoforms. A role in intracellular signalling in plants is suggested and in vitro expression of the isoforms should help in assessing their relative roles in disease, allergic responses, senescence and nucleotide-, cytokinin- and brassinosteroid-binding. |
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Keywords: | allergen apple Mal d 1 PR10 protein |
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