吉林珲春自然保护区东北虎捕食家畜研究

东北虎在中国已经极度濒危,随着位于中俄朝三国边境地区的吉林珲春自然保护区在2001 年底的建成,对虎的保护初见成效。然而保护区内虎频繁捕食家畜,引发了当地居民的不满。为了减缓人虎冲突,寻找东北虎捕食家畜的有关规律,作者开展了东北虎捕食家畜的相关研究。从2001 年12 月至2007 年底,共计有126 起,204 头家养动物被虎袭击,且呈现逐年上升的趋势。家畜被袭击主要发生在每年的4 ～ 9 月,没有发现明显的对家畜种的偏好。利用GIS 和回归分析表明:1)虎通常不袭击离开村庄小于1 km 的家畜;2)人为干扰对家畜的被食用率和虎移动家畜尸体的行为都有显著影响;3)共计有约16 079 kg 的家养动物肉被虎食用,造成损失76084 美元;4)对虎袭击地点生态变量的分析表明,东向和南向有更多的家畜被袭击;5)此外,虎多在较低的海拔和坡度、较高的郁闭度,靠近村庄和河流,远离道路等区域捕食家畜。清除套子和防止下套以增加有蹄类的密度对于减少虎捕食家畜非常重要。此外,减少虎袭击地点的人为干扰和改善对家畜的看护也非常关键。

Livestock depredation by Amur tigers in Hunchun Nature Reserve, Jilin, China

The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is endangered in China. Since establishment of the Hunchun Nature Reserve adjacent to Russia and DPR Korea in Jilin Province, in December 2001, the tiger population in this region seems to have increased.Reports of livestock losses are increasing in the reserve. To reduce human-tiger conflicts, we carried out an in-depth analysis of livestock depredation by tigers, based on tiger monitoring data collected from December 2001 to 2007.There were 126 cases in which Amur tigers attacked 204 cattle, horses and dogs between December 2002 and 2007. From 2002 to 2007, livestock losses generally increased, with major increases in 2007. Livestock depredation mainly occurred between April and September. Results suggest no preference for specific domestic animals. Tigers rarely attacked livestock that were less than 1 km from a village, and human disturbance affected utilization of livestock and tiger behavior associated with moving carcasses. An estimated 16 079 kg livestock meat was eaten by tigers, amounting to $76 084 in losses. Attacks occurred more often on southern and eastern aspects, lower altitudes, gentler slopes, greater canopy density, closer to villages and rivers, and farther from roads.Removal of snares in the forest and elimination of new snares is vital to increase ungulate populations, so as to reduce tiger dependence on livestock. Better livestock husbandry techniques and reduction of livestock within Hunchun Reserve can greatly reduce the rate of depredation by tigers. Avoiding disturbance of sites where tigers have already made kills is also likely to reduce rate of killing in some extent