Seasonal biology and abundance of Psyllaephagus pistaciae,a biocontrol agent of the common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae

The solitary endoparasitoid Psyllaephagus pistaciae Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), is the most widely distributed biological control agent of the common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), in Iran. The pupation and overwintering sites of diapausing parasitoids and the psyllid were studied for 2 years using emergence traps in pistachio orchards in Rafsanjan, Iran. The psyllid mummies containing the overwintering parasitoid adhered to pistachio leaves and were carried on these leaves away from the tree when they latter senesced. The present results verified that plant litter which included dried grasses and old pistachio leaves tended to support a greater population of adult winter-form psyllid and psyllid mummies during the winter through early spring than other options examined. Adult parasitoids appeared in the field in early April, about 30 days after the emergence of adult psyllids, but almost at the same time as the hatching of the first generation psyllid nymphs in early April. Rates of parasitism of CPP were generally low throughout most of the year, ranging from 1 to 5%, but rose in late autumn to about 11%. Results suggest that the density of P. pistaciae is not great enough to keep pace with the psyllid populations in these orchards. They explain why growers consider it necessary to apply pesticides for this pest. However, this parasitoid undoubtedly does play an important role in the natural control of A. pistaciae late in the growing season, particularly in non-sprayed orchards. Conservation of these natural enemies should be one of the objectives in the development of sustainable pest management programs.