Trichoderma from Aceh Sumatra reduce Phytophthora lesions on pods and cacao seedlings |
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| Institution: | 1. Agrotechnology Department, College of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia;2. USDA-ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA;3. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA;4. USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA;1. Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Antigua Escuela Normal Rural de Salaices, López, Chihuahua 31491, Mexico;2. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Hermosillo. Carretera a la Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83304 Apdo, Postal: 1735, Mexico;3. Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Campus Cuauhtémoc, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico;4. The Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Sostainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Universita 133, Portici 80055, Italy;5. Dipartimento Ar.Bo.Pa.Ve.-sez, Patologia Vegetale, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via Universita‘ 100, Portici 80055, Italy;1. Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany;2. Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa;3. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada;4. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Regional Hub for East Africa, P.O. Box 34441, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania;5. Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH and University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria;1. Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;2. Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA;3. Bioprotection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647 Canterbury, New Zealand;4. Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel;5. Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India;1. Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland;2. Mushroom Research Group, Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland |
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| Abstract: | The cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L., suffers large yield losses in Aceh Indonesia due to the disease black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora spp. Despite having the largest area under cacao production in Sumatra, farmers in the Aceh region have low overall production because of losses to insect pests and black pod rot. Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the roots and leaves of cacao trees and screened as potential biological control agents. Isolates used in the study were Trichoderma asperellum isolates T2 and T4, Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolates T15 and T16, and Trichoderma virens isolates T1 and Tv. T1, T2, T4, and Tv completely colonized and destroyed Phytophthora tropicalis and Phytophthora palmivora mycelium in precolonized plate assays. All six isolates reduced P. tropicalis, but none reduced the growth of P. palmivora in dual plate assays. Phytophthora growth was suppressed on MIN media amended with sterile heat inactivated Trichoderma culture filtrates, with Tv best suppressing growth of both Phytophthora spp. T. virens isolate Tv was the only isolate observed coiling around P. tropicalis mycelium and disrupted the formation of P. palmivora sporangia. Of all six isolates, only Tv reduced P. palmivora lesion expansion in a detached pod assay, reducing severity by 71%. Tv also reduced P. palmivora infection on seedlings when applied aerially at 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml, by 19% and 59%, respectively. T. virens isolate Tv is a mycoparasite, antagonizes Phytophthora in a dual plate assay, and shows antibiosis against Phytophthora spp., suggesting that multiple modes of action contribute to its ability to limit Phytophthora lesion expansion on cacao pods and seedlings. |
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| Keywords: | Cacao Black pod rot |
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