Direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic bird food on population dynamics of a songbird |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign, W411 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;2. Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, N407 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;1. Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE-35392 Giessen, Germany;2. Faculty of Nature and Technology (Faculty 5), University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Neustadtswall 30, DE-28199 Bremen, Germany;3. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;4. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway;5. Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-98107 Abisko, Sweden;6. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;1. Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;3. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Área de Zoología, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain;2. Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain;3. Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José 13 Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain;1. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza, CP M5502JMA, Argentina;2. Instituto Argentino de Nivología y Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Centro Científico Tecnológico (CCT) CONICET, Mendoza, Av. A. Ruiz Leal s/n Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, CP 5500, C. C. 503, Argentina;3. Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd., University Heights, OH, 44118, USA |
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| Abstract: | Anthropogenic bird foods are frequently credited with affecting avian population dynamics, but few studies have tested this assertion over broad spatial scales. Human-derived foods could directly impact population sizes or indirectly affect them by mediating the influence of another factor, such as disease. In 1994, a novel disease outbreak (mycoplasmal conjunctivitis) substantially reduced populations of the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) in the eastern United States, creating an opportunity to test whether bird feeding indirectly exacerbated or ameliorated the impacts of the disease. We assessed the effects of bird food availability on house finch populations using data from the National Survey on Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-associated Recreation and the Christmas Bird Count. House finch densities were positively related to the density of people providing food for birds prior to the spread of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, suggesting that the availability of bird seed can limit the size of finch populations. Following the disease epidemic, house finch declines were greatest where the density of people feeding birds also fell dramatically. This pattern suggests that bird food could have a positive indirect effect on disease-related mortality. Our findings suggest that the collective actions of individual people have the potential to influence resource availability and population dynamics of wildlife in human-modified landscapes. |
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| Keywords: | Bird feeding Bottom-up regulation House finch Indirect effects Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis Anthropogenic food FHWAR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0045" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" National Survey on Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-associated Recreation |
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