Asymptomatic systemic disease of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) caused by Puccinia punctiformis and changes in shoot density following inoculation |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA-ARS-Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702-5023, USA;2. School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. USDA-ARS-European Biological Control Laboratory, Tsimiski 43, 7th Floor, GR 54623 Thessaloniki, Greece;4. All-Russia Research Institute for Biological Means of Plant Protection, 350039 Krasnodar, p/d 39, Russia;5. All-Russia Research Phytopathology Institute, VNIIF, B. Vazemy, 143050 Moscow Region, Russia;1. Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea;2. Sports and Health Care Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Republic of Korea;1. Museum of Natural History – Varna, 41 Maria Louisa Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;2. Society of Innovative Ecologists of Bulgaria, 10 Dr. Bassanovich str., 9010 Varna, Bulgaria;3. Department of Geology & Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy;2. Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy;3. Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy;4. All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, 196608, Russian Federation;1. National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Peoria, IL 61604, United States;2. Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States;3. Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH 44691, United States |
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| Abstract: | Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is one of the worst weeds in temperate areas of the world. A rust fungus, Puccinia punctiformis, was first proposed as a biological control agent for C. arvense in 1893. The rust causes systemic disease which ultimately kills C. arvense plants. In 2013 it was demonstrated in four countries, that inoculation of C. arvense rosettes in the fall with ground telia-bearing leaves can initiate epidemics of systemic rust disease with an average of 28% of inoculated rosettes producing a systemically diseased shoot the following spring. Other rosettes that emerged near inoculation points in spring were stunted and appeared diseased. To determine whether other rosettes were diseased, a chemiluminescence western slot blot test, applying polyclonal antibodies raised against P. punctiformis antigens, was developed to detect the fungus in roots. Rosettes were inoculated with telia-bearing leaves in the fall in Maryland, USA and Veroia, Greece. Roots of asymptomatic rosettes that emerged adjacent to inoculation points the following spring were tested for the presence of the fungus with the slot blot test. Rosettes that had diseased shoots were recorded. Based on the slot blot tests, 50–60% of the asymptomatic rosettes adjacent to inoculation points were positive for presence of the rust and likely to be systemically diseased. To demonstrate that systemic disease leads to C. arvense decline, C. arvense shoot densities were measured annually at 10 sites, in three countries, that had been inoculated with telia-bearing leaves in the fall between 2008 and 2012. Changes in C. arvense shoot densities over time were calculated. Average reductions in C. arvense density across the 10 sites were 43.1 ± 10.0% at 18 months after inoculation, 63.8 ± 8.0% at 30 months after inoculation, and 80.9 ± 16.5% at 42 months after inoculation, and 72.9 ± 27.2% at 54 months after inoculation; the 54 month reduction was, however, based on only two sites. |
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| Keywords: | Biological control Canada thistle Chemiluminescence western slot blot Epidemics Rust fungus Systemic disease |
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