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Avian frugivory and seed dispersal of a large fruited tree in an Indian moist deciduous forest

Institution:	1. IAPAR, Agronomic Institute of Paraná, CP 129, Ponta Grossa-PR, CEP 84001-970, Brazil;2. INRA, UMR1248 Agroécologie, Innovations et Territoires, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France;3. INRA, UR 0767 Ecodéveloppement, F-84914, Avignon, France;4. SCOPELA, Broissieux, F-73340, Bellecombe en Bauges, France;1. Laboratory of Thermodynamics of Solutions of Non-electrolytes and Biologically Active Substances, G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya ul., 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation;2. Laboratory of Nitrogen-containing Compounds, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation;1. Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil;2. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 321/Travessa 14, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Space Weather Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA;2. Dept. of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington DC, USA;3. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada;4. Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;1. Universidade Federal do Acre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Caixa Postal 500, 69920-900 Rio Branco, AC, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Pará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Rua Coronel José Porfírio, 2515, São Sebastião, 68372-040 Altamira, PA, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Caixa Postal 500, 69920-900 Rio Branco, AC, Brazil;1. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani?ovská 31, CZ-370 05, ?eské Budějovice, Czech Republic;2. Terrestrial Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain

Abstract:	Seed dispersal systems in degraded areas can be compromised following the decline of large-bodied frugivore populations responsible for their dispersal. In this context we examined the seed dispersal ecology of a large fruited deciduous tree (Dillenia pentagyna) along a forest degradation gradient in India. We examined the effect of structural components of vegetation and frugivore foraging behavior on D. pentagyna seed dispersal. Depauperate mammalian community and declined large avian frugivores e.g. hornbills in our study site make this system a specialized one and currently dependent on only two large bodied avian frugivores. Seed dispersal followed an overall leptokurtic pattern and the seed dispersal kernels were best explained by an inverse power function. Seed dispersal kernels in dense forest indicated longer dispersal distances than moderately dense forest and degraded forest. In degraded areas, no dispersal away from the crown was recorded for D. pentagyna and it occurred at low density. Canopy foliage abundance of the surrounding vegetation of the focal trees was best explained by quantity of seed dispersal by large avian frugivores. The number of avian frugivore species those are effective disperser of D. pentagyna decreased along the degradation gradient. Avian frugivore behavior in terms of visitation and seed swallowed is a determining factor that controls quantity of seed dispersal. Our study underscores deleterious impact of forest degradation on avian disperser community which in turn would affect regeneration capacity of degraded forest.

Keywords:	Seed dispersal Forest degradation gradient Foliage height diversity
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