Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations,research and the 3Rs |
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Authors: | Graziano Fiorito Andrea Affuso David B. Anderson Jennifer Basil Laure Bonnaud Giovanni Botta Alison Cole Livia D’Angelo Paolo De Girolamo Ngaire Dennison Ludovic Dickel Anna Di Cosmo Carlo Di Cristo Camino Gestal Rute Fonseca Frank Grasso Tore Kristiansen Michael Kuba Fulvio Maffucci Arianna Manciocco Felix Christopher Mark Daniela Melillo Daniel Osorio Anna Palumbo Kerry Perkins Giovanna Ponte Marcello Raspa Nadav Shashar Jane Smith David Smith António Sykes Roger Villanueva Nathan Tublitz Letizia Zullo Paul Andrews |
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Affiliation: | 1. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy 2. Associazione Cephalopod Research ‘CephRes’, ONLUS, Via dei Fiorentini 21, 80133, Naples, Italy 3. Animal Model Facility, BIOGEM SCARL, Via Camporeale Area PIP, Ariano Irpino, AV, Italy 4. Midlothian Innovation Centre, Pentland Management Systems, Pentlandfield, Roslin, EH25 9RE, UK 5. Biology Department, CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA 6. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, DMPA, Lab. BOREA, UMR MNHN CNRS 7208-IRD 207-UPMC, Paris Cedex, France 7. Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France 8. Ministero della Salute, Via G. Ribotta 5, 00144, Rome, Italy 9. BIOGEM SCARL, Via Camporeale Area PIP, Ariano Irpino, AV, Italy 10. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 11. Home Office, Animals in Science Regulation Unit, Dundee, DD1 9WW, Scotland, UK 12. Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale, EA4259, GdR CNRS 2822 Ethology, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France 13. Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 14. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy 15. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain 16. Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark 17. Department of Psychology, BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Brooklyn College, CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA 18. Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway 19. Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany 20. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Via Aldovrandi 16b, Rome, Italy 21. Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 22. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, E Sussex, BN1 9RH, UK 23. European Mouse Mutant Archive (CNR-EMMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Viale E. Ramarini, 32, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy 24. Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel 26. The Boyd Group, Hereford, UK 25. Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA), London, UK 27. Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal 28. Renewable Marine Resources Department, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain 29. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA 30. Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy 31. Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Abstract: | Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of “live cephalopods” became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the “Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes”, giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce “guidelines” and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare. |
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