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Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers |
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| Authors: | Kate A Harris Gudrun S Freidl Olga S Munoz Sophie von Dobschuetz Marco De Nardi Barbara Wieland Marion P G Koopmans Katharina D C Stärk Kristien van Reeth Gwen Dauphin Adam Meijer Erwin de Bruin Ilaria Capua Andy A Hill Rowena Kosmider Jill Banks Kim Stevens Sylvie van der Werf Vincent Enouf Karen van der Meulen Ian H Brown Dennis J Alexander Andrew C Breed the FLURISK Consortium |
| Institution: | 1.Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA),Surrey,UK;2.Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS),National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),Bilthoven,The Netherlands;3.Department of Viroscience,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands;4.OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie,Legnaro,Italy;5.Royal Veterinary College (RVC),London,UK;6.SAFOSO AG,Liebefeld,Switzerland;7.International Livestock Research Institute ILRI,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia;8.Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium;9.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO),Rome,Italy;10.Institut Pasteur,Paris,France;11.One Health Center of Excellence, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences-Department of Animal Sciences,University of Florida,Gainesville,USA;12.BAE Systems,Farnborough,UK;13.Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Water Resources,Canberra,Australia |
| Abstract: | Drivers and risk factors for Influenza A virus transmission across species barriers are poorly understood, despite the ever present threat to human and animal health potentially on a pandemic scale. Here we review the published evidence for epidemiological risk factors associated with influenza viruses transmitting between animal species and from animals to humans. A total of 39 papers were found with evidence of epidemiological risk factors for influenza virus transmission from animals to humans; 18 of which had some statistical measure associated with the transmission of a virus. Circumstantial or observational evidence of risk factors for transmission between animal species was found in 21 papers, including proximity to infected animals, ingestion of infected material and potential association with a species known to carry influenza virus. Only three publications were found which presented a statistical measure of an epidemiological risk factor for the transmission of influenza between animal species. This review has identified a significant gap in knowledge regarding epidemiological risk factors for the transmission of influenza viruses between animal species. |
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