Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations |
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Authors: | Kalyanaraman Balaraman Darley-Usmar Victor Davies Kelvin J A Dennery Phyllis A Forman Henry Jay Grisham Matthew B Mann Giovanni E Moore Kevin Roberts L Jackson Ischiropoulos Harry |
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Affiliation: | Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. balarama@mcw.edu |
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Abstract: | The purpose of this position paper is to present a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of the most widely used fluorescent probes for detecting and measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Where feasible, we have made recommendations for the use of alternate probes and appropriate analytical techniques that measure the specific products formed from the reactions between fluorescent probes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We have proposed guidelines that will help present and future researchers with regard to the optimal use of selected fluorescent probes and interpretation of results. |
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