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Vaccination: the present and the future
Authors:Sadanand Saheli
Affiliation:Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. saheli.sadanand@yale.edu
Abstract:Vaccines have undoubtedly saved the lives of millions, and along with improved sanitation, they remain one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. Many diseases that were once widespread are now eradicated, but vaccine programs face ongoing challenges. Safety concerns as well as limited funding have led to pockets of reduced vaccine coverage around the world - including in developed countries. Chronic and recurrent diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria remain without effective vaccines. This review will briefly describe vaccines and the two major issues faced by modern vaccination programs: insufficient vaccine coverage and developing effective vaccines for chronic and recurrent diseases.
Keywords:vaccines   immunological memory   vaccine safety   chronic infections   HIV   tuberculosis   malaria
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