Receptor binding of glucagon and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in isolated rat fat cells.

The membrane bound coupling factor of photophosphorylation is studied after pretreatment of broken chloroplasts with the bifunctional N,N-orthophenyldimaleimide under energization of the thylakoid membrane by mild flashing light. The proton conduction of the membrane is monitored both via the electrochromic absorption changes and via selective pH-indicating dyes. It is found that the coupling factor, after interaction with N,N-orthophenyldimaleimide during the preillumination period, shortcircuits one of the two protons pumped inside after excitation of chloroplasts with one short flash of light. In contrast to the low proton conductivity of the unperturbed thylakoid membrane (relaxation time for a proton gradient greater than 5s), this extra proton channel leads to a partial relaxation of a proton gradient within a few ms. Although limited to only one proton per electron, this extra proton conducting pathway is not otherwise specific. It operates with protons resulting from both Photosystem I and Photosystem II activity. In addition it operates with protons already present in the internal phase before firing of the exciting light flash. These effects are prevented by the presence of ATP (but not GTP) during the preillumination period. It is suggested that the modified coupling factor is gated open by the light induced electric field across the thylakoid membrane while self closing after passage of one proton per activated coupling factor.