CD40-modulated dual-specificity phosphatases MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-3 reciprocally regulate Leishmania major infection

The macrophage-expressed CD40 regulates immune responses to Leishmania major infection by reciprocal signaling through p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. CD40-induced IL-10 or IL-12 plays crucial roles in the promotion or protection from L. major infection, respectively. Because p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 are dephosphorylated by dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), we tested the role of CD40 in the regulation of MKPs in L. major infection. MKP-1 expression and activity increased whereas MKP-3 expression and activity decreased in virulent L. major-infected macrophages. CD40 differentially regulated the expression and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3, which, in turn, reciprocally regulated CD40-induced p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and effector functions in macrophages. Triptolide, an inhibitor of MKP-1 expression, and lentivirally expressed MKP-1 short hairpin RNA enhanced CD40-induced anti-leishmanial functions and significantly protected susceptible BALB/c mice from L. major infection. Similarly, lentivirally overexpressed MKP-3 significantly reduced disease progression and parasite burden in susceptible BALB/c mice. Thus, to our knowledge, our data show for the first time that CD40 reciprocally regulates MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression and activity while the MKPs contribute to the reciprocal CD40 signaling-regulated anti-leishmanial functions. The findings reveal a novel parasite-devised immune evasion strategy and an effective target to redirect CD40-regulated immune responses.