Similarity and diversity in mechanisms of muscle fate induction between ascidian species

Developmental processes can change during evolution at many levels of the ontogeny of an individual. Embryos of solitary ascidians have a largely invariant mode of development, with fixed cleavage patterns and fate maps. Thus the cell lineages and final body plan of the two quite distantly related species considered in this review, Ciona intestinalis and Halocynthia roretzi, are highly similar. However, close comparison of the developmental mechanisms used by these two species provide examples of evolutionary changes and help pinpoint which aspects of development are evolutionarily flexible. Examples of both similarity and diversity are observed in the mechanisms used to generate the full complement of larval muscle. We will describe the changes in muscle-cell lineage, as well as some striking differences in the intercellular signalling pathways used to induce muscle fate. The somewhat surprising conclusion is that in ascidians, as in nematode vulval development, different signalling mechanisms have been adopted to mediate similar interactions between equivalently positioned cells.