Reactive nitroxidative species and nociceptive processing: determining the roles for nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in pain |
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Authors: | Joshua W Little Timothy Doyle Daniela Salvemini |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Surgery, Center for Anatomical Science and Education, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;(2) Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; |
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Abstract: | Pain is a multidimensional perception and is modified at distinct regions of the neuroaxis. During enhanced pain, neuroplastic
changes occur in the spinal and supraspinal nociceptive modulating centers and may result in a hypersensitive state termed
central sensitization, which is thought to contribute to chronic pain states. Central sensitization culminates in hyperexcitability
of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons resulting in increased nociceptive transmission and pain perception. This state is associated
with enhanced nociceptive signaling, spinal glutamate-mediated N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation, neuroimmune activation, nitroxidative stress, and supraspinal descending facilitation. The
nitroxidative species considered for their role in nociception and central sensitization include nitric oxide (NO), superoxide
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\text O2·-{\text {O}_2}^{{\cdot }^{-}}), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Nitroxidative species are implicated during persistent but not normal nociceptive processing. This review examines the
role of nitroxidative species in pain through a discussion of their contributions to central sensitization and the underlying
mechanisms. Future directions for nitroxidative pain research are also addressed. As more selective pharmacologic agents are
developed to target nitroxidative species, the exact role of nitroxidative species in pain states will be better characterized
and should offer promising alternatives to available pain management options. |
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Keywords: | |
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