水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料，在大田条件下，研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水；W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水；W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量，籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高，谷/醇增大；支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高，直/支下降；籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下，清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加，球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降，谷/醇降低；支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高；不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累，使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累，W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累，且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中，强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.

Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains.

With wheat cultivars Yumai 34 (strong-gluten wheat) and Yumai 50 (weak-gluten wheat) as test materials, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of three irrigation treatments (irrigation at jointing stage, at jointing and grain-filling stages, and at jointing, grain-filling, and pre-maturing stages), three nitrogen application rates (0, 150, and 270 kg x hm(-2)), and their combinations on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains. The results showed that for strong-gluten wheat cultivar Yumai 34, applying 270 kg x hm(-2) of N increased the total content of protein and the contents of albumin, gliadin and glutelin, and enhanced the glutelin/gliadin ratio. This application rate of nitrogen also increased the total content of starch and the content of amylopectin, and decreased the amylose/amylopetin ratio. For weak-gluten wheat cultivar Yumai 50, applying 150 kg x hm(-2) of N increased the contents of albumin and gliadin, and decreased the contents of globulin and glutelin and the glutelin/gliadin ratio. The amylopectin and starch contents also increased when the N application rate was 150 kg x hm(-2). Non-N fertilization or applying 270 kg x hm(-2) of N decreased the accumulation of protein and starch, and resulted in a decrease of grain yield. Among the irrigation treatments, irrigation at jointing and grain-filling stages promoted the accumulation of protein and starch in grains and increased the grain yield, while the other two treatments were unbeneficial to the accumulation of protein and starch and decreased the grain yield. Applying 270 kg x hm(-2) and 150 kg x hm(-2) of N combined with irrigation at jointing and grain-filling stages was the ideal management regime for the high yield and good quality of strong- and weak-gluten wheat cultivars, respectively.