Rehabilitation by constructed wetlands of available wastewater treatment plant in Sakhnin |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Towns Association for Environmental Quality TAEQ, Agan Beit Natufa, P.O. Box 1093, Sakhnin 20173, Israel;2. Manager of Sakhnin Regional Center for Environmental Education and Research, Israel;3. Technion Institute for Research and Development, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Technion City, Haifa, Israel;4. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental, Istanbul, Turkey;1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;2. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;1. The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China;2. Water Environment System Project Laboratory, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163# Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China;2. South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou 510655, China;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;2. Institute of Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management (IIESM), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;3. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;4. School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;5. Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | In rural areas, insufficient wastewater treatment often causes serious environmental problems, especially for human health. Due to this problem, new wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) should be constructed or upgraded. When considering economic and maintenance factors, constructed wetlands (CWs) are more desirable processes. The available WWTP located in the Northern Israeli town of Sakhnin was redesigned and upgraded. To rehabilitate the WWTP, six new CWs having different operating conditions were constructed as a pilot project. The most appropriate place of construction of the CWs was thought to be at the end of the WWTP. From the beginning of the system, inlet and outlet pollution parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH4-N+), total suspended solids (TSS), and phosphorus (PO4-P3−) were monitored in the CWs from August 2005 to February 2006. As a result the most appropriate CWs were found having Phragmites as plant and volcanic tufa as media material. The maximum removal efficiencies were 71.8% on COD, 92.9% on TSS, 63.8% on ammonia for CW5 tank. Adversely, phosphorus removal was not so high in CW5. Phosphorus removal was negligible in the study. |
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