Optimization of culture medium components and culture period for production of adventitious roots of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinacea pallida</Emphasis> (Nutt.) Nutt

An efficient short term storage protocol was developed for Ansellia africana, a vulnerable medicinal orchid of Africa using encapsulated protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induced from nodal segments of seedlings with highest response recorded on MS medium supplemented with 10 µM TDZ and 5 µM NAA. The gel matrix containing 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride was the best for the production of viable synthetic seeds. In the present study, the effects of meta-topolin (mT) and its derivatives i.e. meta-Topolin riboside (mTR) and meta-methoxy topolin 9-tetrahydropyran-2-yl (memTTHP) were studied on the viability of synthetic seeds, maintained at different temperatures (4, 8 and 25 °C) for varying duration (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days). The highest response percentage (88.21%) of encapsulated PLBs was recorded in those cultivated on medium supplemented with 7.5 µM memTTHP. The alginate beads were successfully stored for 75 days at 8 °C with a recorded conversion frequency of 86.21%. Synergistic effect of auxin (IBA or IAA) and the phenolic elicitor phloroglucinol (PG) were tested on root induction and proliferation. The highest rooting frequency was achieved using 15 µM IBA and 30 µM phloroglucinol resulting in successful acclimatization of the plantlets. The clonal fidelity of the regenerated plantlets was also ascertained using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism and start codon targeted markers which revealed a high degree of genetic homogenity amongst the in vitro raised plants. The study also documents the role of mT, mTR and memTTHP on the regeneration of artificial seed-derived plantlets in orchids. The regeneration protocol, would be helpful in reducing stress on fragmented natural habitats of A. africana and can also be extended to conserve other orchids which are encountering threats of extinction.