Microbial Community Analysis of Fresh and Old Microbial Biofilms on Bayon Temple Sandstone of Angkor Thom, Cambodia |
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Authors: | Wensheng Lan Hui Li Wei-Dong Wang Yoko Katayama Ji-Dong Gu |
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Affiliation: | (1) School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China;(2) Technical Center of Animal–Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518001, People’s Republic of China;(3) State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People’s Republic of China;(4) College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, People’s Republic of China;(5) Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan;(6) Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, Cape d’Aguilar, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China; |
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Abstract: | The temples of Angkor monuments including Angkor Thom and Bayon in Cambodia and surrounding countries were exclusively constructed using sandstone. They are severely threatened by biodeterioration caused by active growth of different microorganisms on the sandstone surfaces, but knowledge on the microbial community and composition of the biofilms on the sandstone is not available from this region. This study investigated the microbial community diversity by examining the fresh and old biofilms of the biodeteriorated bas-relief wall surfaces of the Bayon Temple by analysis of 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that the retrieved sequences were clustered in 11 bacterial, 11 eukaryotic and two archaeal divisions with disparate communities (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria; Alveolata, Fungi, Metazoa, Viridiplantae; Crenarchaeote, and Euyarchaeota). A comparison of the microbial communities between the fresh and old biofilms revealed that the bacterial community of old biofilm was very similar to the newly formed fresh biofilm in terms of bacterial composition, but the eukaryotic communities were distinctly different between these two. This information has important implications for understanding the formation process and development of the microbial diversity on the sandstone surfaces, and furthermore to the relationship between the extent of biodeterioration and succession of microbial communities on sandstone in tropic region. |
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