Social behavior and hormonal correlates during the perinatal period in Japanese macaques

This work assessed the changes in both social interactions and estrogen metabolite excreted in feces in eight group-living Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We tested the hypothesis that the social behavior of pregnant females shows significant changes during the late prepartum and early postpartum period. We also tested the hypothesis that the marked fluctuation in estrogen levels during the perinatal period is associated with the changes in social behavior. We found that pregnant females withdrew from the social life of their group in preparation for parturition and only slowly regained their normal social activity after delivery. These changes were correlated with the fluctuation in estrogen conjugate excreted in feces, giving further evidence that hormones can enhance responsiveness to the infant and may predict maternal competence in macaques. We also found that the high frequency of self-grooming by pregnant females during the perinatal period may be a functional way to improve the quality of care toward an infant by a simple shifting from the care for oneself to the care for the infant after parturition.