The impact of manganese on neurotransmitter systems |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa Campus Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil;2. Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200, Pakistan;3. Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico;4. Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia;5. IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia;6. Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia;7. Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece;8. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;9. School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47906, IN, USA;1. Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, 2nd Chair of Eye Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź, Poland;2. Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;1. Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goias 74001970, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, University Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054000, Brazil;3. Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemistry Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania Goias 74001970, Brazil;1. Department of Family Planning Technical Service, Jining Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, No.12, Gongxiao Road, Rencheng District, Jining City, Shandong Province, 272000, China;2. Department of Laboratory, Jining Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, No.12, Gongxiao Road, Rencheng District, Jining City, Shandong Province, 272000, China;1. Postgraduate Program in Applied Human Nutrition (PRONUT), Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Universitária Marcelo Deda Chagas, 13. Jardim Campo Novo, 49400-000. Lagarto, SE, Brazil;3. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n. Jardim Rosa Elze, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundManganese (Mn) is a metal ubiquitously present in nature and essential for many living organisms. As a trace element, it is required in small amounts for the proper functioning of several important enzymes, and reports of Mn deficiency are indeed rare.MethodsThis mini-review will cover aspects of Mn toxicokinetics and its impact on brain neurotransmission, as well as its Janus-faced effects on humans and other animal’s health.ResultsThe estimated safe upper limit of intracellular Mn for physiological function is in anarrow range of 20–53 μM.Therefore, intake of higher levels of Mn and the outcomes, especially to the nervous system, have been well documented.ConclusionThe metal affects mostly the brain by accumulating in specific areas, altering cognitive functions and locomotion, thus severely impacting the health of the exposed organisms. |
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| Keywords: | Manganese Trace elements Manganism Neurotoxicity |
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