Effect of altitude on urinary,plasma and nail fluoride levels in children and adults in Nepal |
| |
| Affiliation: | 1. School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK;2. Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;1. B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal;2. Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal;3. Department of Surgery, Division of CTVS, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal;4. Department of Radiology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Mahaboudha, Kathmandu, Nepal;1. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Alameda Otávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Nova Cidade Universitária, CEP 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil;3. Centro de Tecnologia em Metalurgia e Materiais/Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos (CTMM/LPM), Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café, S/N, CEP 14049-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;5. Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;6. Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;7. Analytical Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1625, MS 6140, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA;1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;2. Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;3. Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;4. Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. Center of Studies in Health and Environment, School of Science and Technology, National University of San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina;4. Research Fellow of the University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina;5. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico;2. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico;3. Hospital Español, Mexico City, Mexico;4. Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico;5. Dirección de Investigación y de Posgrado, Claustro Universitario de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico;6. Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Salud Pública,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico |
| |
| Abstract: | IntroductionA greater prevalence of dental fluorosis has been reported in higher- versus lower-altitude communities. This study, for the first time, examined several aspects of fluoride metabolism in children, aged 4–5 years, and their parent, living at lower altitude (<78 m) and higher altitude (>1487) areas in Nepal.MethodsThe study assessed total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), 24 h urinary fluoride excretion (UFE), and fluoride concentrations of toe- and finger-nail (FCtoenail, FCfingernail) in children and parents as well as fluoride concentration of plasma (FCplasma) in parents. Fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) was calculated as the ratio between UFE and TDFI. FCtoenail, FCfingernail and FCplasma were normalised for TDFI by dividing the variables by TDFI and the ratio was reported as the percentage.ResultsIn total, 89 children and 80 parents took part in the study: 42 children and 41 parents from the lower altitude area; 47 children and 39 parents from the higher altitude area. Fluoride concentration of drinking water was significantly (P < 0.001) higher at lower altitude (0.395 mg F/l) than at higher altitude (0.104 mg F/l). TDFI was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in both children and parents living in lower altitude than those living at higher altitude.There was a statistically significant (p = 0.044) difference in the mean FUFE of children living at lower altitude (53%) and higher altitude (46%). However, no significant difference in FUFE was found between parents living at lower altitude (47%) compared with higher altitude (41%).In both children and parents, no statistically significant differences in normalised FCtoenail, FCfingernail were found between the two altitude areas. However, normalised FCplasma was statistically significantly (P = 0.005) higher in parents living at higher altitude (0.15%) compared with those living at lower altitude (0.11%).ConclusionThe results suggest that higher altitude living results in decreased urinary fluoride excretion, and consequently increased fluoride retention in children for a given dose (amount) of fluoride. |
| |
| Keywords: | Fluoride Altitude Human Urine Plasma Nail Nepal |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
