Two Urosoma species (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia): A multidisciplinary approach provides new insights into their ultrastructure and systematics |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;3. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China;4. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;1. The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;2. University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria;3. Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;4. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;5. Consulting Engineering Office for Ecology, Radetzkystrasse 10, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;1. Laboratory of Protozoology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;2. The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China;3. Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;4. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK;1. Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea;3. Department of Biological Resources Research, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, South Korea;4. Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea;1. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea;4. Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise 83725, USA;5. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;1. Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China;2. Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;3. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;1. Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China;2. Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi Xilu 127, 710072, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China |
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| Abstract: | The general morphology and ultrastructure of two soil hypotrichous ciliates, Urosoma emarginata and U. salmastra, were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the newly sequenced small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA genes, were conducted on three U. emarginata populations and one U. salmastra population. Our findings support for the validity of Perilemmaphora Berger, 2008, a rankless taxon comprising spirotrich ciliates having a perilemma. The cortical granules of both species are extrusomes representing a new type of mucocyst in U. emarginata and possibly a new type of pigmentocyst in U. salmastra. Additionally, the lithosomes were revealed as subglobose structures composed of a low electron-dense, homogeneous inner part and an electron-dense outer part. The ultrastructural features of the cortical granules, together with ontogenetic and molecular phylogenetic data, suggest that the genus Urosoma might need to be divided. It is posited that ultrastructural features of hypotrichous ciliates in general may have important taxonomic value warranting further investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Extrusome Perilemma Perilemmaphora Spirotrichea Ultrastructure 18S rRNA gene |
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