Serum zinc,copper, zinc-to-copper ratio,and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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| Institution: | 1. Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia;2. IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia;3. RUDN University, Moscow, Russia;4. Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo I Rana, Norway;5. Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;6. Kazakh Academy of Nutrition, Almaty, Kazakhstan;1. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;3. Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey;1. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland;2. Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland;3. Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy;1. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;2. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain;3. CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;4. Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;5. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands;6. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;7. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain;1. Faculty of Medicine, The Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil;2. Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway;3. Department of Neurological and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy;1. Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Imam Javad University College, Yazd, Iran;2. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran;3. Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;1. Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;2. San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy;3. Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy;4. Institut Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada;5. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada;6. Department of Psychoeducation, Sherbrooke University, QC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundEssential trace elements and minerals play a significant role in neurodevelopment. Although certain studies demonstrated impaired essential trace element and mineral status in children with ADHD, the existing data are insufficient. The objective of the present study was to assess serum trace element and mineral levels in children with ADHD.MethodsSerum trace element and mineral levels in 68 children with ADHD and 68 neurotypical controls were assessed using ICP-MS at NexION 300D (PerkinElmer Inc., USA) equipped with ESI SC-2 DX4 autosampler (Elemental Scientific Inc., USA).ResultsSerum Cr, Mg, and Zn levels in children with ADHD were 21 % (p = 0.010), 4 % (p = 0.005), and 7 % (p = 0. 001) lower as compared to the healthy controls, respectively. In turn, serum Cu/Zn values were 11 % higher than those in the control group. Age and gender had a significant impact on serum element levels in ADHD. Particularly, preschool children were characterized by significantly increased Cu (+8 %; p = 0.034), and Cu/Zn (+19 %; p < 0.001) values, whereas serum Zn (-9 %; p = 0.004) level was decreased. In primary school-aged children only 6 % (p = 0.007) lower Mg levels were observed. Both boys and girls with ADHD were characterized by 8 % (p = 0.016) lower serum Zn levels and 10 % (p = 0.049) higher Cu/Zn values when compared to neurotypical girls. Boys with ADHD also had significantly higher Cu/Zn, exceeding the respective control values by 12 % (p = 0.021), predominantly due to a 7 % (p = 0.035) decrease in serum Zn. Serum Mg levels were also found to be significantly lower than those in neurotypical children by 5 % (p = 0.007). In adjusted regression models serum Cr (β=-0.234; p = 0.009) and Cu/Zn (β = 0.245; p = 0.029) values were significantly associated with ADHD, respectively. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant impact of ADHD on Cr, Mg, Zn, and Cu/Zn, whereas age was associated with Cu, I, Mg, Mo, and Cu/Zn, whereas gender accounted only for variability in serum Mn levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed significant contributions of Mg, Zn, and Cu/Zn values to ADHD variability.ConclusionsHypothetically, the observed decrease of essential trace elements, namely Mg and Zn, and elevation of Cu/Zn may significantly contribute to the risk of ADHD or its severity and/or comorbidity. |
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| Keywords: | Neurodevelopment Magnesium Zinc Chromium Copper |
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