A pilot study to evaluate the levels of aqueous humor trace elements in open-angle glaucoma |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences—Histology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;3. Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/C, 07100 Sassari, Italy;4. I.S.R.C.T.––International Society for Research on Cadmium Toxicity, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy;1. University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Food Chemistry, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany;2. University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria;3. University of Würzburg, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, Würzburg, Germany;1. Department of Biochemistry, Yuvaraja''s College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570005, Karnataka, India;2. Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Biotechnology, Yuvaraja''s College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570005, Karnataka, India;1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China;2. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China;3. Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China;4. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China;5. Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China;6. Hunan Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Changsha, 410007, China;7. Public Health College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China;8. Center for Environment and Health in Water Source Area of South-to-North Water Diversion, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China;9. Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China;1. Department of Family Planning Technical Service, Jining Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, No.12, Gongxiao Road, Rencheng District, Jining City, Shandong Province, 272000, China;2. Department of Laboratory, Jining Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, No.12, Gongxiao Road, Rencheng District, Jining City, Shandong Province, 272000, China;1. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Pathology, Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;5. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundPrimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of chronic, progressive optic neuropathies characterized by slow degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells and their axons, resulting in visual field loss. Risk factors for this disease are elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), increased age, European and African ethnicity, family history, myopia and decreased corneal thickness. In addition, studies indicated that levels of trace elements are also significantly related to the POAG.MethodThe association between toxic and essential elements and POAG was explored in a population-based case–control study in the Sardinia Island (Italy). The aqueous humor levels of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in 25 POAG patients compared to 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls by sector field inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Risk factors as gender, age and increased IOP were also explored.ResultsThe concentrations of Fe, Hg and Zn were significantly higher in POAG patients than in control subjects, showing these elements as possible determinants in POAG development or degeneration. Other findings were the increased Cu and Fe levels in glaucomatous patients with age less than 70 years. Levels of Ni were found elevated in POAG females. Mercury accumulated more in POAG females, in patients over 70 years and in those with higher levels of IOP in the left eye. Moreover, the positive associations Cu Fe and Mn-Zn may indicate synergistic effects of elements.ConclusionsAltogether, these findings suggested a multifactorial role in the risk for POAG disease. The present study documented the levels of trace elements in aqueous humor of Sardinian POAG patients for the first time. |
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| Keywords: | Aqueous humor Essential and toxic elements Eyes Primary open angle glaucoma Risk factors |
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